第二集
Bentham边沁 utilitarianism功利主义
maximize utility效用最大化
cost-benefit analysis
objections
1. fails to respect individual/minority right
2. not possible to aggregate all values and preferences
-using a single measure like $$
Any want or satisfaction which exists exists in some amount and therefore measurable.
-isn't there a distinction between higher and lower pleasures?
John Stuart Mill
- The sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is that people actually do desire it.
-Of two pleasures, if there be one to which or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, then is the more desirable pleasure.
-It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. Better to be Socrates苏格拉底 dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool or the pig are of a different opinion, it is because they only know their side of the question.
-Where i dispute争论 the pretensions of any theory which sets up an imaginary standard of justice not grounded on utility, i account the justice which is grounded in utility 正义建立在效用上to be the chief part, and incomparably the most sacred神圣的 and blinding part, of all morality...
-Justice is a name for certain moral requirements, which, regarded collectively全体的, stand higher in the scale of social utility and are therefore of more paramount 至上的obligation than any others.
没太懂。话说我一直认为，人类分为快乐的农场主，悲伤的农场主，快乐的猪和悲伤的猪。我是人类社会里的猪，以前不自知所以天天傻乐，但突然有一天，我发现自己是猪了... ..再怎么聪明努力，我...也就是一只猪啊... 那才是真的难过吧>,<
明天继续！争取课程结束前有点想法出来~
第三集
libertarianism自由主义
the libertarian view of government:
1. no paternalist legislation废除家长式立法
2. no morals legislation废除道德立法
3. no redistribution of income from rich to poor
nozick: what makes income distribution just?
1. justice in acquisition( initial holdings)
2. justice in transfer( free market)
nozick"s argument against taxation
taxation=taking of earnings
taking of earnings=forced labor强迫劳动
forced labor=slavery
Violates principles of self-possession
objections to libertarianism:
1. the poor need the money more
2. taxation by consent of the governed is not coerced
3. the successful owe a debt to society
4. wealth depends partly on luck so it isn't deserved
我意识到 我平时认为那些境界不够高 不够有同理心的人 他们是有一个流派的==
看来我应该更宽容心 如果我难以辨别主观和客观的界限
第四集
john locke
- for men, being all the workmanship of one omnipotent, and infinitely wise maker, they are his property, whose workmanship they are, made to last during his, not one another's pleasure.上帝
- the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges everyone: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.
- every man has a property in his own person. this nobody has any right but himself. the labor of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his.
- whatever then he removes out of the state that nature has provided, and left it in, he has mixed his labor with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property.
- for this labor being the unquestionable property of the laborer, no man but he can have a right to what that is once joined to, at least where there is enough, and as good left in common for others.
- as much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates and can use the product of , so much is his property. he by his labor does, as it were, enclose it from the common.
看到15分钟！明天再说！！！
独家蓝光
