十分钟速成课：经济学 第一季

主要内容：

首先，定义，经济学研究人和选择！学习的目的是成为更好的决策者。

然后，宏观经济学，研究经济整体和政府的政策。

大部分国家都是自由市场+政府。

政府3大目标：GDP、就业、通货膨胀。天朝GDP组成：3驾马车，内需、政府投资、出口。

政府控制经济5种手段：财政政策，政府投资和税收；货币政策，准备金、利率、购买国债。

最后，微观经济学，主要研究个人和企业的决策。核心是边际分析，produce where MR equals MC，边际收益大于边际成本就干；寡头垄断，博弈论。

听课笔记：

Intro to Economics

Economics is the study of people and choices.

经济学研究人和选择！

the goal of learning economics is to become a better decision maker

Economic Systems and Macroeconomics

大部分国家都是自由市场+政府。政府介入越少越好，没有民主和公平可言的政府，就是去抢钱的。

Macroeconomics

1.macroeconomics is the study of the entire economy. the big stuff, like economic output, unemployment, inflation, interest rates, and government policies.从1930's the Great Depression 后开始研究。

2.policy makers have 3 economic goals:

the Gross Domestic Product, unemployment rate, and the inflation rate.

政府3大目标：GDP、就业、通货膨胀。

3.GDP的4部分:consumer spending, business spending which is called investment, government spending, and net exports

in the US, consumers account for about 70% of GDP.

天朝叫三驾马车：内需、政府投资、出口

2019年天朝分别是：57.8%，31.2%，11%；天朝的数据是骗人用的，别太当真。

Productivity and Growth

GDP高低是由productivity 生产效率决定的。

Fiscal Policy and Stimulus 财政政策

政府的油门和刹车，政府投资和税收。

the government can step on the gas or the brake, by changing government spending or/and taxes

1929大股灾，2000互联网泡沫破裂，2008年次贷危机...每次都是在华尔街玩儿残经济后，政府开始用凯恩斯理论擦屁股。

Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve 货币政策

央行2大职能:

监管商业银行，通过准备金制度；

货币政策，通过利率或货币供给（美国）调节经济。

注意美国的央行--美联储 the Federal Reserve是私人机构，和华尔街穿一条裤子！

美联储 the Fed调整货币供给的3种方式：Reserve Requirement，discount rate（the interest rate that it charges banks）,Open Market Operations (购买government bond国债或treasury bill国库券)

2008年the Fed搞了个史无前例的Quantitative Easing，QE，量化宽松，buy up longer term assets from banks，like home loans aka Mortgage Backed Securities.

Money and Finance 金融系统

借贷双方通过金融系统（包括银行、债券、股市）发生联系。

The 2008 Financial Crisis

一堆奸商把烂苹果包装出来卖，最后露馅儿崩盘，纳税人买单的故事。

奸商：华尔街投行、保险公司、评级机构，甚至 美联储、美国财长、经济学砖家等；

烂苹果：次级贷，相当于流浪汉的买房抵押贷款；

纳税人买单：权贵们开完狂欢party，酒足饭饱后，对收银员说：“开张发票”。

关于2008金融危机的电影：Inside Job 监守自盗，不错，名字就给危机定性了！可惜华尔街的罪犯们全部安全着陆，逍遥法外，继续酝酿下次聚餐。

Recession, Hyperinflation, and Stagflation

控制预期，建立大家的信心很重要啊。

Economics Schools of Thought

Classical Economics, Adam Smith, Marshall;

Keynesian Economics;

Austrian School of Economics, Hayek;

Chicago School of Economics, Friedman;

Monetarism;

Supply-side Economics/ Trickle-down Economics;

New Neoclassical Synthesis.

各经济学流派争论焦点是自由市场和政府干预的多少，还是中庸不走极端比较好。

Marginal Analysis, Elasticity

1. Microeconomics looks at individual markets and the decision-making of consumers, businesses, and governments

2.Marginal analysis，additional benefits and additional costs. the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

3.elasticity

Markets, Efficiency, and Price Signals

1.Central planning is not efficient.

productive efficiency

allocative efficiency

2.price signals

Price Controls, Subsidies

price controls: price ceiling, price floor

Revenue, Profits, and Price

1.Accounting profit vs Economic profit;

opportunity cost.

2.variable costs and fixed costs

Economies of scale

3. the profit maximizing rule: continue to produce as long as the marginal revenue of the last unit produced is greater or equal to the marginal cost.=produce where MR equals MC

Game Theory and Oligopoly

四种市场结构：

perfectly competitive

monopoly

monopolistic competition

oligopoly, game theory

Behavioral Economics

Risk-loss aversion

Taxes

税当然要交给政府，但怎么花的需要透明、被监督，否则他们私吞了怎么办？

The Economics of Happiness

要幸福，除了一定的物质基础，还需要一定的地位---比你周边的人强；就是中国说的“富贵”！

幸福是享受现在、追求目标的生活。